Challenges
- One of the challenges related to the sustainable intensification of agricultural production is to achieve zero net degradation through sustainable land management, applying soil, water, vegetation and biodiversity management practices in a broad agroecological and socioeconomic context.
- Land grabs in forest areas often lead to industrial-scale monocropping accompanied by pesticide use, as well as conflicts with local communities and the destruction of their livelihoods.
- Soil loss and land degradation are a threat to the future of the regional economy, to inclusive social development, and to the livelihoods of people living in poverty. Efforts have been made to offset land degradation through more intensive use of fertilizers and pesticides (fungicides, herbicides and insecticides), with adverse consequences for soil and water quality.
- While bioeconomy-based exports make up more than 50% of total exports from countries such as Argentina, Honduras, Nicaragua, Paraguay and Uruguay, there are no synergies with biodiversity protection and the share of high value-added bioeconomy exports is very low.
- Even the countries of the region with the greatest weight in the global agrifood trade account for a small share of the agriculture patents granted under the Patent Cooperation Treaty, unlike the leading transnational seed and agrochemical companies.
- Land rights and access to land are core demands of the political agenda of rural, indigenous and campesino women’s organizations, and tie in with other issues affecting them, such as the situation of human rights defenders, territory and land defence, and the adverse effects of climate change on food security.
- Although family farming has helped to maintain balanced diets and conserve agrobiodiversity, family farmers face challenges associated with a lack of stable paid employment, poor access to markets, production resources and rural services, vulnerability to climate change, lack of participation in the governance of natural resources and migration to cities.
Opportunities
- Biotechnology helps to improve agriculture and to combat hunger and malnutrition. It also fosters new ways of organizing the value chains associated with biodiversity (biochains) and the creation of a circular economy.
- Forest management with sustainability criteria is possible and represents a productive and conservation alternative to other destructive practices or uses of forest resources. In altered environments and even amid degradation processes, restoration using forest plantations under the “close-to-nature forestry” or “new generation plantation” models can play a part in promoting zero net deforestation.